What Is a Religious Sect

A sect is a religious group that is a subset of a religion or denomination. Sects typically share the same beliefs as the religion that is their foundation but will have marked differences in some areas. Sects Versus Cults The terms sects and cults are often used interchangeably, but this is incorrect. Cults are small, extreme groups, and are often marked by corrupt leaders, and intense, manipulative, or unethical practices. Sects are not cults, in most circumstances. They are just religious offshoots of other groups. But because of how often the two terms are confused, many people who belong to sects describe themselves as being part of a small denomination, to avoid negative stigma. Examples of Religious Sects In history, religious sects have been the cause of new movements and radical changes. For example, one early sect of Judaism was the Nazarenes. This group was reportedly made up of Jesus apostles after his death. While they were a Jewish sect, the Nazarenes were the foundation of Christianity. Today, sects are still prominent. One of the most well-known is the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, more commonly referred to as Mormons. The Mormon sect eventually evolved into its own denomination of Christianity and continues to increase in followers. Sects are often subsets of religions due to their perceived need for reform. As the sect grows, it becomes more established, builds a congregation, and becomes more accepted into the mainstream. At that point, it becomes a denomination. Modern Christian Sects Christianity has the largest number of sects. In the past, Christians associated sects with heresy and blasphemous beliefs, but in recent years, sects have become more respected for their beliefs. A Christian sect is recognized as separate from the core religion over certain beliefs and practices. Within the Catholic Church, there are many sects that operate separately but still consider themselves Catholic: Community of the Lady of All Nations: Founded in 1971, this sect believes that its founder, Marie Paule Giguere, is the reincarnation of the Virgin Mary. This differs from the Catholic belief that reincarnation is not possible and that Mary was assumed into heaven.  Palmarian Catholic Church: The Palmarian Catholic Church does not recognize the current papacy as valid and infallible, splitting with the Roman Catholic Church. They have not recognized the authority of the Pope since the death of Pope Paul VI in 1978. Modern Islamic Sects Islam also has a number of religious sects that deviate from Islams traditional teachings. There are two core groups, but each one has several sub-sects as well: Sunni Islam: Sunni Islam is the largest Muslim sect, and differs from other groups in the matter of the prophet Muhammads successor.Shia Islam: Shia Islam believes that Muhammad did appoint a successor, in stark contrast to the Sunnis.   While sects are often used to describe extreme religious views, many sects are peaceful and simply differ with a denomination over some particular issues. As time passes, many become accepted as mainstream denominations.

Impact of Religion on Youth - 4279 Words

Introduction The impact that religion has exerted on mankind’s history is phenomenal, even in the twenty first century, perceptions are beguiled more by religion than any other factor. Too many policies, political associations, economic stances and military actions are dictated to a large extent by religion for anyone to take it lightly. This holds much greater significance for the people of the subcontinent than other places, save a few exceptions. Whether this was due to the success of the â€Å"Divide and Rule† policy of the British Raj, or the prevalent conflicting nature of the different tenets of the respective sects, the subcontinent was divided on the basis of ideological differences. The vehicle of transformation is the†¦show more content†¦This is too low a percentage of the muslims taking into account the possibility of distortion as they claim The Holy Quran to be the one true source of their religion. Considering the fact that the proportion of muslims in our vast population is almost 90% (89.7% according to the Bangladesh Census 2001), this is bad news as Islamic tenets can be portrayed as commands for intolerance and interpreted wrongly this manifests as extremism.61% of the respondents said that the depth of their learning is limited to what is taught in the school curriculum and portrayed in the media. This is a good way to learn but not as effective as one pursuing the religion on his or her own and from the authentic base of the religion. Considering something as mind numbingly powerful as religion, it should be pursued from its original source and left to one’s own faculties for deciphering, otherwise the true meaning is never grasped. Second hand information based religion leads to an extrinsic state of belief as opposed to the very beneficial intrinsic sense of belief, which is when one builds a personal relation with God. 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A Life

A Life-Changing Event Essay Most news stories one hears just goes in one ear and out the other. It may resonate with some for a few minutes where that person feels devastated from the world producing cruel events. But, for something to change your opinion and you learn from mistakes, you have to endure the action and realize how it affects you and the surrounding people. Typically, most news revolves around negative stories and that is why that reaction stays with you for a few seconds. There is so much negative going on it is tough to remember all of it. When going on with life these news stories continually accumulate but not one time have I actually understood that anything similar could happen to me. One of these events did not happen to me personally, but someone in my community in the same age group was affected. His name was Francis Duddy, a junior who attended Donovan Catholic. On February 8th, 2014 he was killed in a drunken driving accident by his best friend Connor Hanifin. I did not hold a personal relationship with either of these fellow high school students; but I was attending the same party they were. There was no doubt that Nanling was a good place for traveling during the spring season. We planned to go to the top of Nanling in order to enjoy the wonderful view. We hired a local driver to take us up to the top. Before going up Nanling, the driver asked us to make a mental preparation, because we would have a very tough process. What does he mean by that? ,  I asked myself. Anyway, I was curious and excited of it. We were on a minibus and it headed to the top of the mountain. The road was tough and narrow like a snake that was coiling up. The mountain rolled up like that all the way to the top. The minibus drove on such a road that make me feel like it was off-track and at any second would drop from the edge of the road. That was what the driver was talking about! Oh my goodness! I couldnt help holding my breath. My right hand was covering my left hand, and I was praying to God that bless us with arriving safely to the top. I was struggling with myself to calm down. In the meanwhile, my mom had already been uncomfortable because of the carsickness. I turned around holding my mothers hand and I comforted my mother and talked to her, Well be fine, mom. And we will enjoy the wonderful view on the top. Try to think about the moment when we get to the top. We are standing on the top of the highest mountain. All of the beautiful views will be absorbed by our eyes. We will suck the fresh air and enjoy the comfortable spring wind. What a wonderful moment we are going to spend! Just hold on ten more minutes. The happiness is coming. You can do it. And we all can do it!  . We were shaking in the minibus the entire time because of the tough road. There was no doubt that it was making us even more nervous. But fortunately, we finally arrived safely to the top. And we all breathed a sigh of relief. However, we were stocked by our views. The mountain was very quiet and spring was brushing over the place. The peach blossom in the branches were shyly flashing a light red, a great temptation, like love was covered on the branches flashing shining colors. When the breeze contacted with my face, like my mothers hand gently touching my face. I liked that feeling, with coolness and so relaxing. Looking toward the distance, the hills rose straight up from the ground as if they were waving at us. They seemed to welcome us. Nearby was a green forest. A clear river looked liked a snake was wriggling in the forest. Those big trees just liked green umbrellas protecting the earth from the sunshine. We did enjoy a wonderful view on the top of Nanling! This trip was breathtaking and exciting, wasnt it? When we were on the minibus, nobody knew if we would arrive safely to the top or drop down. We were suffered by our fear and nervousness. If we give up and return, we could not enjoy such a wonderful view at the top. But we didnt. We all defeated our fear and nervousness. We tasted the sweet after the bitter. It was such an unknown experience that make me still remember it clearly.

20th Century Art free essay sample

Art in the 20th Century In the first half of the 20th century, the world was in complete upheaval. Between 1900 and 1945, there were two global wars, and people everywhere saw the rise in Communism, Fascism, Nazism, and the Great Depression (Gardner 724). In this time, there was an extreme change in art; artists questioned the meaning, purpose, form, and overall traditional outlook on the arts. These painters and sculptors explored the boundaries of art and they openly rejected classical, academic, and conventional examples of what art was supposed to be (Video Notes). At this time in history, ocial, political, and economic terms were being reshaped and redefined, and the artistic world followed suit. There were many different artistic movements that were sparked by the chaos and instability of the world before World War II. These include, but are not limited to Fauvism, Cubism, and Dadaism (Gardner 724). Fauvism refers to wild beasts (artists/fauves), a name given by a critic, who expressed whatever they wanted to however they wanted to. Cubism emerged with Pablo Picassos Les Demoiselles dAvignon, which was a painting that presented a radical new way to represent form and space. This particular painting had fgures that were inspired by the rediscovery of primitive art (with African and ancient Iberian influence). Picasso experimented with visual expression, and he took a dramatic departure from careful representation of a visual reality. It seems as though the fgures in his paintings were put onto canvas as he thought them, not in a rational or organized way (Video Notes). As a result of WWI, Dadaism also hit the artistic world. Dada was a massive movement and response to the corruption and homicide that was going on in the war. The Dadaists had a particular attitude and mind set, rather than a specific style. They believed that Enlightenment and reason had produced global devastation, and they turned away from logic to prize the irrational (Video Notes). Critics thought this movement to be outwardly absurd. But, the Dadaists were successful in relaying their message of confusion and pessimism in regards to the war. They had disdain for convention and tradition, and this fostered a serious examination of the basic premises and rules of art. An example of a Dada artist and piece is Marcel Duchamp and his Fountain. Duchamp took a ready made sculpture, (a urinal), and tried to force iewers to see a new light on the object (Gardner 745). This was outrageous, of course, in the eyes of critics. But Duchamp was able to aggressively challenge artistic conventions and boundaries by signing his name to artworks that were everyday objects. These three movements are only a handful that tried to bring out the irrational in art. These movements influenced others, and led to more expressive art that could test the meaning and definition of what art was supposed to be. The second World War left an intense mark on the latter half of the 20th century. Even though the global war ended, there was not global peace. There was upheaval in the cultural sphere of the world, and tradition was shattered by rebels all around. The youth questioned the status quo, and broke free from the mainstream social standards by supporting unconventional dress, manners, and habits (Gardner 788). There was a new spirit of rebellion in the air, which resulted in a sexual revolution, the use/abuse ot drugs, rock and roll music, and a rejection ot sexism and racism. The war had created a pervasive sense of despair, disillusionment, and skepticism, which was an ideal subject and form for the artists of that time. Many cynics in Europe found their voices in Existentialism, which was a philosophy asserting the absurdity of human existence and the impossibility of achieving certitude (Gardner 789). Many of the people who embraced Existentialism also started to question the existence of God. This social ideal reflected itself in the art found in postwar expressionism, especially in Europe. The artists showed despair, brutality, roughness, and pessimism in their art (Gardner 789). From this new-found expressionism came abstract art. Abstract art explicates the state of mind of the artist, and is purposed to trike emotional chords in the viewer (Gardner 790). A well known abstract artist that came from this time was Jackson Pollock. In his painting, Number 1, Pollock rhythmically dripped, splattered, dribbled, flung, and poured paint onto a vast canvas. It was a spontaneous, but accordingly, choreographed art where Pollock emphasized the creative aspects of abstract art. The term was coined action art, because Pollock actively applied paint to the canvas with more than Just a paint brush. He fully immersed himself into his paintings, and was able to completely express himself. This was true abstract art, and had come a long way from the traditional, organized, and precise paintings of Raphael and Michelangelo. There was also a social-economic change in the 20th century. In the Renaissance and other art movements, artists were given patronage by high-class citizens and churches. Art then was created for a purpose, whether it was to promote a King or to tell a Bible story on a church wall. As the century changed, economic ability changed, and middle-class people were now able to buy and sponsor art (Video Notes). This created a dynamic change in the status quo of art, because before it was only for the ich. Now, middle-class art lovers could enjoy high-quality art in their own living room. The subject of art changed from informative and propaganda to expression and interest. It also started a new way to view art. Museums and Art Clubs emerged, and people openly interpreted and critiqued art. This was influenced by the new time and thinking: that traditional aspects in art should be questioned. In the later quarter of the 20th century, social and political movements formed, and art was created to support those movements. Some of these movements fought or things like equality between races, womens rights, and environmental protection. There were also significant gains in artistic mediums as video, photography, multimedia art, ceramics, etc. filled the artists time and energy. The world was in revolution and change, and art followed the example. Where art was once planned, beautiful, and religious; it became rugged, different, and abstractly subjective by the end of the 20th century. It is interesting to note how art changes with time, especially with social, political, and economic changes. It seems as though art went through its own Existential Crisis in the 20th century.

Teenage Smoking Essays - Smoking, Habits, Tobacco, Cigarettes

Teenage Smoking In a society where it is not unordinary to see a ten year old child smoking a cigarette in public, where large tobacco companies sponsor all big sporting events and where smoking advertisements are everywhere you look, how can it be understood that what is going on is a form of suicide. Smoking is comparable to a serial killer; a cigarette acts as the weapon used by tobacco companies and its victims subjecting themselves by their own free will to participate in the crime. The governments of the United States and many other countries have chosen to regulate addictive substances, like cigarettes, via taxation; minimum-age purchase laws; restrictions on consumption in schools, the workplace, and public places; and stiff fines for driving under the influence of alcohol. The prices of these substances will rise because of taxation; other forms of regulation, and bans. Thus, measuring their responsiveness to price is important in determining the optimal level of taxation and the impacts of legalization. Contrary to conventional wisdom, studies find that the consumption of addictive substances is quite sensitive to price. Teen smoking has been increasing since 1991. There are economic, psychological and sociological factors that play an important role in this increase. Economically, cigarettes are highly advertised, extremely affordable and accessible to practically anyone. As for the advertisement aspect in the sale of cigarettes, tobacco companies spend billions of dollars per year to advertise their brands. This money is spent on the actual advertisement, and also on manipulating the subconscious minds of teenagers. (Reynolds, 1999) Billboards and magazines lure teenagers to smoke, by using teen idols and appealing photos in their ads. The Canadian Government has been attempting to put a stop to tobacco industries using teen idols in selling their products, by passing Bill C-71, a legislation that forbids tobacco companies from putting up signs for events in which they sponsor. The car racer and teen idol, Jacques Villeneuve can no longer be advertised in his car racing suit as Rothman's cigarettes advertisements are highly visible on it, as this would give off a negative message to teens who look up to him. The only exception to this law however, is that the signs may be put up at the site of the event, in bars or in newspapers which are read by adults. (Scott, 1997) An example of a sporting event is the DuMaurier tennis tournament held in Montreal, and sponsored by the DuMaurier tobacco industry. This event was, until this law was passed, advertised (on billboards, in magazines and on television) all over Montreal. Bill C-71 was an attempt at preventing teenagers from seeing these advertisements, as the government believed this to be an important factor in the growth of youth smokers. This legislation though, was not very effective as statistics show that more than half of Canadian teens have seen advertisements for tobacco sponsored events. (Scott, 1997). During the 1040's and 50's smoking was popular and socially acceptable. Movie stars, sports heroes, and celebrities appeared in cigarette advertisements that promoted and heavily influenced teens. Influence also came from Television and other media sources. The desires to be accepted and to feel grown up are among the most common reasons to start smoking. Yet, even though teenagers sometimes smoke to gain independence, and to be part of the crowd parental influence plays the strongest role as to whether or their children will smoke, Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA), 1991. Children are exposed to and influenced by the parents, siblings, and the media long before peer pressure will become a factor. Mothers should not smoke during pregnancy, nicotine, which crosses the placental barrier, may affect the female fetus during an important period of development so as to predispose the brain to the addictive influence of nicotine. Prenatal exposure to smoking has previously been linked with impairments in memory, learning, cognition, and perception in the growing child. (National Institute of Drug Abuse, 1995) Subsequent follow-up after 12 years suggest that regardless of the amount or duration of current or past maternal smoking, the strongest correlation between maternal smoking and a daughter's smoking occurred when the mother smoked during pregnancy. NIDA also reported that of 192 mothers and their first born adolescents with a mean age of 12 1/2, the analysis revealed that 26.6% of the girls whose mother smoked while pregnant had smoked in the past year. Tobacco companies target teens because 85 to 90% of all new smokers begin before or during their teenage years, so marketing demographics compel cigarette companies to target adolescents if they are the ones

Inherit The Wind essays

Inherit The Wind essays The film Inherit the wind is about a young schoolteacher who dares to introduce his students to Darwins theory of evolution in Hillsboro. Hillsboro is a small bible town whose citizens not only reject the evolutionist point of view but deny the existence of evolution itself. They have been taught that the universe and all it contains was created by God; that any other point of view is blasphemous. In Hillsboro, it is unlawful to teach other than what is in the bible. The people there are very old fashioned and not open to questioning what has been written. Thus, the story surrounds the trial of the State vs. a schoolteacher; evolution vs. creation; religion versus science. The film was originally written as a play in 1955 by Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee. The focus of the story mirrors the events of what became known as the Scopes Monkey Trial where Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan squared off in a small town to determine the guilt or innocence of a schoolteacher, Scopes, who attempted to teach evolution in his science class. The movies characters are represented by defense attorney Henry Drummond, prosecutor Matthew Harrison Brady, and defendant Bertram Cates, respectively. All are gathered in the courtroom, including the press, to attend what seems to be an open and shut case. But as the story unfolds and the trial proceeds, there are many twists and surprises that further polarize and make impossible to exist the two points of view. Henry Drummond attempts to call several expert witnesses to aide his defense of Cates. The presiding judge, who happens to be running for political office and not wanting to rock the boat with the townspeople, easily disallows any and all witnesses presented by Drummond. However, when left with no other alternative, Drummond calls the only expert witness he knows will be acceptable, not only to the court but to the local population. He calls M ...

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 15

Economics - Essay Example They have therefore determined other sources of energy, which are pocket and environmentally friendly. Solar power and biomass power are commonly used in most of the households. According to the United Sate federal government, approximately 39% of the energy produced in America go toward the generation of electricity. To this end, generation of electricity in America has contributed to lingering environmental concerns including pollution and degradation. To be precise, electricity in the world is generated through burning oil, coal and natural gas. This natural products produce greenhouse gas including carbon dioxide when they burn. It is plausible to note that the more electricity that the community uses the more we add greenhouse gases to the environment resulting in global warming. According to various researches, these gases may have contributed to warmers environmental conditions in 1999 and in 1938 (Deru & Torcellini,  2007). Other environmental effects in our area are experienced when electricity causes fire, thereby destroying other ecological systems and produce global warming gases, which influence the climate. However, some households utilize e lectricity from renewable resources including geothermal, solar and wind technologies have no negative climatic changes including contaminating the local air. In our home, we use electricity to serve various purposes. It is the main source of energy that provided electric light and in pumping up electronics, including heaters, TV, personal electronic devices, computers, washing machines amid others. Electricity makes life easier and interesting because it helps one to keep things on standby without switching them off like computers, television and microwave. At the industry levels, electricity provides electric power to pump up machines and provide electric lighting (Xintao & Junzi,  2010). Our

Managing People in Organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Managing People in Organisations - Essay Example Manpower management can be a very stressing facet of businesses. The demands differ greatly from those of the other functional areas. Hence, in order to be able to properly manage a company’s workforce, managers must be aware of the behavior being exhibited by the people in their organization. Usually, these behaviors become entrenched in the company and are greatly held by the company’s culture. However, challenging as this may be, it is an important element of a company’s strategy. Basically, these are the force behind the innovations or policies that will be implemented from the strategy that a company hopes to pursue. Hence, building the culture of the company has increasingly been gaining traction among today’s companies since it is a strong platform from which to launch the tactical plans of companies pursuant to their strategic plan. Hence, the capability of companies to utilize their manpower and to be able to harness their capabilities has been cr ucial for the success of these companies (Wang Wei 2006). The need for such awareness and understanding of the human behavior in the organization has been increasingly more pressing with the advent of globalization. The different culture from which employees all over the world has been the norm for companies with global operations has made companies even more aware of the need for understanding the behavior of the people and the organization as a whole. Thus, the management of people necessitates the need for a personal touch. Hence, there have been varying ways in which the different managers handle the diverse workforce they have under them. This has called for a greater degree of flexibility to enable the managers to understand the people that they work with (HIckson and Pugh 2002). This has been a necessary skill in order to enable the company to achieve their various goals and objectives. The multicultural nature of organisations that operate internationally has called for varying styles of management in order to properly handle the differences that they will be encountering with their global workforce. Globalisation has opened up various opportunities for businesses over the past two decades. One is that they are able to source out new markets from different countries. In effect, companies are not anymore limited by the size of the domestic market from which they come from. Through globalisation, they have

Day Care Feasibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Day Care Feasibility - Essay Example As the paper declares along with reducing absenteeism, on site service would give employees with children a greater sense of well being by having the children nearby. It would raise the morale of the workers and that would almost certainly translate to increased production. Being near their children would also relieve a great amount of worry and allow workers to concentrate on their work without being distracted. This discussion stresses that adequate day care is an obstacle to many parents wishing to enter the workforce. By offering company-sponsored daycare we will open our doors for high quality workers that would otherwise be reluctant or unable to work due to child care concerns. Our company would then be in a better position to compete for these dedicated workers. The importance of quality child care would also insure greater retention of our current employees. A recent study by economists at Bowdoin College pointed out the popularity and practicality of company sponsored day care. They conducted a study during a period when the unemployment rate was low and employers were having a hard time employing and retaining quality workers. They found that the added attraction of on site care not only attracted a higher quality and more dedicated workforce, but they were also able to compete for those workers at a cost savings on marginally lower wages. They found the savings to be substantial.

Cadbury Is A Leading Global Confectionery Company Marketing Essay

Cadbury Is A Leading Global Confectionery Company Marketing Essay Introduction Cadbury is a leading global confectionery company with an outstanding portfolio of chocolate, gum and candy brands. The company employs around 50,000 people and has direct operations in over 60 countries, selling their products in almost every country around the world. The company creates brands people love, brands like Cadbury, Trident and Halls. The company heritage starts back in 1824 when John Cadbury opened a shop in Birmingham selling cocoa and chocolate. Since then Cadbury have expanded the business throughout the world by a program of organic and acquisition leg growth. On 7 May 2008, the separation of Cadbury confectionery and Americas Beverages business was completed creating Cadbury plc with a vision to be the worlds Biggest and Best confectionery company. Mission Statement Cadbury means quality this is the company promise. The company reputation is built upon quality; the company commitment to continuous improvement will ensure that the company promise is delivered. Cadbury has established itself as a company of fairness and integrity, which always attempts to operate as a socially responsible business. Value Performance Cadbury is passionate about winning. The company competes in a tough but fair way. The company is striving, hardworking and makes the most of the abilities. The company is prepared to take risks and act with speed. Quality Cadbury put quality and safety at the heart of all of the activities such as product, people, partnerships and performance. Respect Cadbury genuinely care for the business and the colleagues which like listen, understand and respond. The company is open, friendly and welcoming. The company embraces new ideas and diverse customs and cultures. Integrity Cadbury always strive to do the right thing. The company does the business with honesty; openness and being straight forward characterize the way. Responsibility Cadbury take accountability for the social, economic and environmental impact. In this way the company aims to make the business, partners and communities better for the future. Cadbury Business Principles are the code of conduct of the company and also take account of global and local cultural and legal standards. They confirm the company commitment to the highest standards of ethics and business conduct. The core purpose of the company is creating brands people love. The core purpose captures the spirit of what the company is trying to achieve as a business. Market Share By participant, the market is relatively fragmented, with the five largest confectionery companies accounting for around 40% of the market. There are a large number of companies which participate in the markets only a regional or local basis. Cadbury compete against multinational, regional and national companies. The graph shows that Cadbury is the second highest of the total confectionery in the market share. Halls is the largest brands in candy of Cadbury. Cadbury have number one and number two confectionery market position in 20 of the worlds 50 largest confectionery markets by retail sales value. Financial statement The graph shows the financial situation of Cadbury from 2006 to 2009. As we can see in the graph, the revenue is reached  ¿Ã‚ ¡5975 million is year 2009 which is slightly increase about 5% from year 2008. In operating income, year 2009 is the highest compare to previous year which is  ¿Ã‚ ¡507 million. Last but not least, year 2009 having 9% of the operating margin which is slightly increase from year 2008. As a conclusion, In year 2009, the performance is pretty well compare to the previous year due to there a keep increase since year 2006 to 2009. PESTLE implication Political The political deals with government influence. The main laws that will affect Cadburys are the consumer protection law. These are the laws and the recent changes in food labeling. The food labeling shouldnt be too influence as Cadburys has label all their goods properly to begin with. Change in manufacturing law will also greatly influence Cadburys as the company may have to change the way to product the cereal. This could lead to the introduction of new mechanical equipment being required or more thorough checks on the current equipment. If new equipment is required if could prove to be very expensive. The Weight and Measures Act, this act should not affect Cadburys since the company have all the equipment and scales used should already be at that of the highest standard. The Trade Description Act, this again should not affect Cadburys due to all the labeling on the products should be correct and thorough giving all the ingredients. The Sale of Good Act, these state that Cadburys should not mislead the consumer. These are currently three conditions. If the government was to introduce a few more it could prove to affect Cadburys. Economic The state of the economy is the main factor. It the country was to go into recession the consumer spending would also drop due to the unemployment. The recession would bring down the sales of a lot of goods mainly the expensive things, which are not necessity. The current economy is well. The interest rates are low and consumer spending is very high. Other economic factor that could affect Cadburys launching a product would be a rise in inflation. This is a rise in price over time. Social If the population size decreased then Cadburys be less people to buy the products therefore less profit.  · If peoples lifestyles changed. For example, nowadays more people wanting to get fit and lose weight, then they will stop eating chocolate and spend their money on gym memberships and others. This means that Cadburys profits will decrease. Technological An increase in capital expenditure will affect Cadburys. For example, more up to date equipment would mean that the goods where produced quicker and cheaper but would also result in job losses. In research and development, keep developing new products to keep up with competition and customer needs. Legal More legislation in place to make sure that the workplace is safe and the worker is better protected. Expensive costs to Cadburys to implement Environment Cadbury launched a corporate social responsibility Web site called DearCadbury.com, which provides consumers information on ethical sourcing, responsible consumption and the environment. The site features Cadburys 2007/08 Corporate Responsibility and Sustainability report, which revealed that the company has reduced carbon emissions almost 4 % to date; Cadbury is aiming for a 10 % reduction by 2010. As part of Cadburys Purple Goes Green program, the company committed to a 50 % absolute reduction in carbon emissions by 2020. Cadbury also reported that it has met its 2007 goal of reducing water use by 10 % Competitors situation and SWOT analysis Cadburys major competitors are Thorntons, Lindt, Lindor, Nestle, Master food (Mars) and others. They are competing directly with Cadbury. Nestle is one of the Cadburys main competitor in the market. Nestle is one of the worlds largest food manufacturer, Nestlà ©s headquarters in Switzerland and based in 200 countries worldwide. It is renowned as the worlds leading nutrition and health based company. Nestle grows is product line through innovation as well as renovation and maintains a balance on its geo-environmental activities and product lines. They have 253,000 employees around the world. Cadburys SWOT Strengths The largest global confectionery supplier, with 9.9% of global market share. High financial strength Strong manufacturing competence, established brand name and leader in innovation. Advantage that it is totally focused on chocolate, candy, chewing gum, unique understanding of consumer in these segment. Successfully grown through its acquisition strategy. Weakness The company is dependent on the confectionery and beverage market. Other competitors have greater international experience. Opportunities Expand into new markets. Increase share through targeted acquisitions. Key to survival within the FMCG market is increasing efficiency and reducing costs. Innovation Is key driver. Threat Worldwide, there is an increasingly demanding cost environment, particularly for energy, transport, packaging and sugar. Competitive pressure from other branded suppliers. Social changes. Nestlà ©s SWOT Strengths Globally recognized as one of the largest and powerful food producer, covering almost every country. Quality is a vital element regarding nestle products. Strong internal growth and emphasis on innovation internally. Powerful brand positioning in the consumers mind. The decentralized culture in the organization encourages employees. Weakness The immense diversification portfolio of the firm makes it impossible to run every division smoothly. Retailers do not get set high margin to increase more in sales. Transportation as well as storage problem. Opportunities Invest in snacks that would further diversify its product. Provide incentives to the retailers to increase sales volume. Open cafà © that would exclusively provide Nestle products. Middle class share in most of the economies are growing much larger. Threats Pollution of product should be regarded strictly. The company has not so pretty history with the FDA. Tough market with a tougher competitor for gaining market share. Market is quite mature and the competitors specialize in a certain product that can hit hard on Nestle. In comparison of Cadburys SWOT and Nestlà ©s SWOT, Market objective Financial objective Specific Growth of revenue in UK Increase total confectionery share gain Measureable To growth 5% of revenue compare to previous years Growth in global market share and increase share in the UK by 50 bps Achievable Carry out a number of advertisements in the market and online. Realistic Timely Marketing strategy Product Cadbury dairy milk is made from real chocolate. The ingredients for the chocolate are cocoa butter and there is a glass and half full cream daily milk in every 200 grams of Cadbury daily milk chocolate. Cadbury purchase 65 million liters of fresh milk each year to make Cadbury daily milk chocolate. Price Price is very important in the marketing mix. The price changed for a chocolate bar can be affect whether a consumer will buy it and the level of sales can determine whether or not Cadbury Schweppes will make a profit. Price is also can be affected by factors such as the state of economy, what competitor are doing. The stage reached in product life cycle and above all what price the market will accept. Form the marketing point of view this is what matters. Place Cadbury products are produced at the chocolate factory in Bourneville in Birmingham. After the chocolate is produced, it will go through all quality check and transported to the stockrooms. The following, Cadbury sells the products to shops that deal with beverage and confectionery such as convenient store, super store, petrol station, and others. This kind of distributions can make consumer easy to find the product. Cadbury produces chocolate for more than 200 countries so that they have a chance to enjoy it as well and make profit. Because of this, Cadbury have a wide range of consumer around the world. Promotion The purpose of promotion is to communicate directly with potential or existing customer, in order to encourage them to purchase dairy milk and recommend it to others. There is various ways to promote the product such as TV advertisement, banner on the internet, magazine and newspapers. Forecast and Implication 3-years forecast and budget 2009 2010 2011 2012 Sales 5975 6273.75 6587.44 6916.81 Cost 3210 3370.5 3539.03 3715.98 Profit 509 534.45 561.17 589.23

Essay --

Ryan White was the most prominent HIV/AIDS activist. He had become the national poster boy for HIV/AIDs in the United States. Ryan educated the public with knowledge about his disease. Because of Ryan’s experience being broadcasted across the nation, the discrimination of those who had HIV or AIDS was exposed and he spoke out for the rights of those who were living with AIDS. The programs started in his name today are the largest provider of services for people living with HIV/AIDS in the United States. What is HIV/AIDS? HIV stands for â€Å"human immunodeficiency syndrome,† while AIDS stands for â€Å"acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.† AIDS is the final stage of HIV, which causes severe damage to the immune system. In our world today, over 35.3 million people worldwide currently live with either HIV or AIDS, with 2.1 million of them still being young children and teens. It is transmitted through sexual contact, exposure to infected body tissue or fluids, or hereditarily from the mother during pregnancy and breastfeeding (Global AIDS Overview). What people didn’t know before, and still don’t today, is that the virus cannot be transmitted through; saliva, sweat, tears, urine, or vomit unless they are somehow contaminated with blood. Most people that live with or are at risk of contracting HIV do not have access to any sort of prevention or treatment care. Although scientists have spent many years searching, there is still no known cure for the virus. Today, he would be forty-two years old. Born in Kokomo, Ryan was diagnosed as a hemophiliac at birth. He suffered from severe Hemophilia A, a hereditary blood coagulation which causes even the most minor injuries to result in severe bleeding. He would begin receiving the common treatment at ... ...tor Orrin Hatch and Edward Kennedy, it helped the cause by providing funds to the cities hardest hit by AIDS. This contained disaster relief for 16 cities, grants to all 50 states, and special projects that emphasized early intervention for newly diagnosed HIV-positive patients. The act improved available funding for care of low-income, uninsured, and underinsured victims of AIDS and their families (Siplon). Ryan White was the most prominent AIDS activist. Being the national poster boy for AIDS in the United States, he changed its public perception on AIDS. Also because of White’s influence, a numerous amount of programs have been established that provide victims of HIV/AIDS cope with the disease, especially the populations that were underserved and couldn’t cope without any assistance. Ryan was an influence to not only HIV/AIDS victims, but to people nationwide.

The Boston Tea Party

The Boston Tea Party was a significant event in the years leading up to the American Revolution. By 1773 tensions were mounting as British America’s relationship with Mother England became increasing strained. The British Empire has secured victory in the French and Indian Wars but had run up an incredible war debt. King George III and the British Government looked to taxing goods in the American colonies as a means to replenish its treasury. It was in this the passing of the Tea Act 1773 that ignited a standoff and brought the issue of taxation without representation in Parliament to head.As a result, the colonists took action and began overt revolt to British rule in the Americas (Boston Tea Party Historical Society). This paper will explore the incidents that led up to the Boston Tea Party and its impact on subsequent events leading up to the American Revolution. The incident that has been termed the Boston Tea Party occurred on December 16, 1773, when government officials in Boston refused to return three shiploads of taxed-imposed tea to Britain. A group of colonists boarded the ships in disguise and destroyed the tea by throwing it into Boston Harbor (BTPHS).The Tea Act of 1773 essentially allowed one of Britain’s greatest commercial interests of the day, The East India Company, a monopoly over tea imports to all British colonies. Due to increased competition from the Dutch and the already high tax the Crown placed on tea, the East India Company had a surplus of tea. The solution that King George III and Parliament came up with was to force this tea on the colony (Knollenberg 93). Basically, a captive market was created for British products by the British Government. There was fear amongst the colonists that this could extend to products other than tea.The colonists’ actions and the government reaction widened an already growing chasm between Crown and colonists (Larabee 106). During the years of 1754 through 1763, the British Empire was involved in The French and Indian War, a protracted conflict with rival power France for control of settlements in America. The French allied themselves with Native American tribes to rid the colonies of the British. At the end of this conflict, Britain was successful in securing the conquest of Canada. During this period of time, the thirteen American colonies flourished and grew ncreasingly less dependent on Great Britain. With the need to re-establish control over the Colonies and recoup their war costs, Parliament passed a series of acts to which did nothing but agitate the already frustrated colonists and further strain relations between the Crown and the Colonies (Cave 2004). There were two major actions by Parliament that exacerbated the already strained relationship with the Colonies. First, the Stamp Act of 1765 met with significant colonial resistance. This act required that printed material in the colonies carry a tax stamp.These printed materials included: legal docu ments, magazines, newspapers and other types of paper frequently used throughout the colonies (Goldfield 144). Second, Parliament passed the Townshend Acts. These five Acts has the purpose to raise revenue in the colonies to pay the salaries of governors and judges so that they would be independent of colonial control, to create a more effective means of enforcing compliance with trade regulations, to punish the province of New York for failing to comply with the 1765 Quartering Act, and to establish the precedent that the British Parliament had the right to tax the colonies (Larabee 32-33).Both items created resentment and highlighted the issue of taxation without representation. The Boston Tea Party event was not a singular incident and it had very little to do with the tea itself. The tea shipment became a sticking point between the British and the colonists as it was the taxation on the tea that was objectionable. The core issue of being taxed without having fair legislative say in the government had been a recurring theme in the years leading up to 1773. When the Boston Tea Party incident took place, the more militant colonists felt they had no other options available to them.Previous complaints or entreaties to Parliament, Prime Minister Lord North, or King George III went without resolution (Alexander 126). As such they took matters into their own hands. American Patriot Samuel Adams argued at the time that the incident was not the act of a lawless mob, but rather a protest based on principle. The colonists felt their rights were eroding and were moved to action (Alexander 129). The fallout from the Boston Tea Party was severe and greatly impacted the economy of Boston. Authorities in Britain and the colonies were outraged and felt that this action could not go unpunished.A series of acts were passed by Parliament in 1774 that were collectively called the â€Å"Coercive Acts. † The Boston Port Act closed the Port of Boston as punishment until the destroyed tea was paid for in full and the king was satisfied that Boston was firmly under British control. This created animosity as it affected all of Boston, regardless of connection with the Boston Tea Party and did not allow for a defense to be given against the charges. The Massachusetts Government Act took away the colonists’ ability to select their own local officials.All members of the colonial government had to be appointed by the governor or king. This reverberated throughout the colonies as it was feared that such a thing could happen elsewhere (Ammerman 9-10). The Administration of Justice Act allowed the governor to move trials of accused royal officials to another colony or to Great Britain if he believed the official could not get a fair trial in Massachusetts. Although the act stipulated that witnesses would be paid for their travel expenses, in practice few colonists could afford to leave their work and travel to England to testify in a trial.There was also there fear that British officials could harass American colonists and escape justice. The Quartering Act applied to all of the colonies, and sought to create a more effective method of housing British troops in America. Previously, the colonies had been required to provide housing for soldiers. However, colonial legislatures had not been cooperative. Here under this act the governor was allowed to house soldiers in other buildings if suitable quarters were not provided (Ammerman 10). The Coercive Acts did not have the desired effect.The British felt that these acts would isolate radicals in the colonies and push the American colonists to concede the authority of Parliament over their own elected governments. Great Britain miscalculated how these would be taken and soon learned that harsh nature of these acts galvanized support against Parliament. Many viewed the Coercive Acts as a violation of their constitutional rights, their natural rights, and their colonial charters. They ther efore viewed the acts as a threat to the liberties of all of British America, not just Massachusetts.The acts promoted sympathy for Massachusetts and encouraged colonists from the otherwise diverse colonies to form the First Continental Congress. The Continental Congress created the Continental Association, an agreement to boycott British goods and, if that did not get the Coercive Acts reversed after a year, to stop exporting goods to Great Britain as well. The Congress then also pledged to support Massachusetts in case of attack. Which of course meant that all of the colonies would be drawn into the American Revolutionary War began at Lexington and Concord (Ammerman 15).Over time, the Boston Tea Party has become synonymous with unfair taxation and the abuse of government overstepping its boundaries. In 1773 Boston, the seeds of the American Revolution were being sewn. Through miscalculation and sheer abuse of the colonial system, Britain strengthened support for a growing movement toward independence. The Boston Tea Party then became more than a principled protest action against taxation; it became an event that demonstrated that a power cannot sustain rule with â€Å"consent of the governed. † The governed in this case, went on to fight and die for their rights. For the British government, its shortsightedness brought about its own downfall in this case.Works Cited Alexander, John K. Samuel Adams: America's Revolutionary Politician. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman ; Littlefield, 2002. Print. Ammerman, David. In the Common Cause: American Response to the Coercive Acts of 1774. New York: Norton, 1974. Print. Cave, Alfred A. The French and Indian War. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2004. Web. 12 February 2010. Knollenberg, Bernhard. Growth of the American Revolution, 1766–1775. New York: Free Press, 1975. Print. Labaree, Benjamin Woods. The Boston Tea Party. Originally published 1964. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1979. Print. â€Å"W hat Was the Boston Tea Party? † Boston Tea Party Historical Society. 2008. Web. 12 February 2010. Goldfield, David R. , Dejohn-Anderson, Virginia and Abbot, Carl. The American journey: a history of the United States. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2009. Print. Young, Alfred F. The Shoemaker and the Tea Party: Memory and the American Revolution. Boston: Beacon Press, 1999. Print.

How Teachers Can Achieve Happiness

How Teachers Can Achieve Happiness The stereotype around elementary school teachers is that they are always peppy and happy and full of life. While this may hold true for some elementary school teachers, it sure does not for all teachers. As you know, having a job in the teaching profession can be quite challenging. Teachers have a lot of pressure on them. Not only do they have to learn and teach the common core standards to students, but they also have the challenging job of making sure that their students are ready to be productive citizens once they get out of school. With all of this pressure, along with the responsibilities of  lesson planning, grading, and discipline, the job can sometimes take a toll on any teacher, no matter how peppy their nature. To help relieve some of these pressures, use these tips on a daily basis to help you deal and, hopefully, bring some joy to your life.   1. Take Time for Yourself One of the best ways that you can achieve happiness is to take time for yourself. Teaching is a very selfless profession and sometimes you just need to take a moment and do something for yourself. Teachers spend so much of their free time scouring the internet looking for effective lesson plans or grading papers, that they sometimes end up neglecting their personal needs. Set aside one day of the week for lesson planning or grading, and set aside another day for yourself. Take an art class, go shopping with a friend, or try that yoga class that your friends are always trying to get you to go to.   2. Make Your Choices Wisely According to Harry K. Wong in the book â€Å"How to Be an Effective Teacher† the way a person chooses to behave (as well as their reactions) will dictate what their life will be like. He says that their are three categories of behavior that people can exhibit, they are protective behaviors, maintenance behaviors, and enhancement behaviors. Here are examples of each behavior. Protective Behavior –These are people who are full of excuses, who complain a lot, and are good at justifying their behavior. You probably always see them in the teachers’ lounge complaining about everything and anything that is happening in their classroom as well as at the school. Maintenance Behavior – These are the people who are very hardworking and who spend a lot of time wishing (I wish I won the lottery, I wish I had a bigger classroom). They tend to get along well with others, and don’t complain or put people down in the teachers’ lounge. They are concerned with their own individual survival, health, and safety. Enhancement Behavior –These individuals enjoy active learning and participating in groups. They go to every teacher conference and meeting, and are known around the school as a leader. Now that you know the three types of behavior, which category do you fall into? Which type of teacher do you want to be? The way that you decide to act can greatly increase or decrease your overall happiness and well-being. 3. Lower Your Expectations Let go of the expectation that every lesson has to go exactly as planned. As a teacher, you will always have misses along with the hits. If your lesson was a flop, try to think of it as a learning experience.  Just as you teach your students that they can learn from their mistakes, so can you. Lower your expectations and you will find that you will be much happier. 4. Do Not Compare Yourself to Anyone One of the many problems with social media is the ease with which people can present their lives in any way they wish. As a result, people tend to only portray the version of themselves and their life that they want others  to see. If you are scrolling down your Facebook news feed you may see many teachers that look like they have it all together, which can be quite intimidating and result in feelings of inadequacy. Compare yourself to no one. It’s hard not to compare yourself to others when we have Facebook, Twitter and Pinterest in our lives. But just remember that it probably takes some of these teachers hours to create the perfect-looking lesson. Do your best and try to be satisfied with the results.   5. Dress for Success Never underestimate the power of a nice outfit.   While dressing up to teach a bunch of elementary students may seem like a bad idea, research shows that it can actually make you feel happier. So the next morning that you want an instant pick-me-up, try wearing your favorite outfit to school. 6. Fake it Weve all heard the expression, Fake it til you make it. Turns out, it might actually work. Some studies that show if you smile when you are unhappy, you can trick your brain into feeling like you are happy. The next time your students are driving you crazy, try smiling- it might just turn your mood around. 7. Socialize with Friends and Colleagues Do you find that you tend to be alone a lot when you are feeling unhappy? Studies found that the more time unhappy people spent socializing with others, the better that they felt. If you’re spending a lot of time by yourself, try getting out and socializing with your friends or colleagues. Go eat lunch in the faculty lounge instead of your classroom, or go for that drink after school with your friends.   8. Pay it Forward There have been so many studies conducted that show that the more that you do for others, the better you feel about yourself. The sheer act of doing a good deed can make a huge impact on your self-esteem, as well as your happiness. The next time that you are feeling down, try doing something nice for someone else. Even if its just holding the door open for a stranger or making extra photocopies for your colleague, paying it forward can really improve your mood. 9. Listen to Music   Studies find that focused listening to music that is upbeat, or even just reading lyrics that are positive, can improve your mood.   Classical music is also said to have a mood-boosting effect on people. So the next time you’re sitting in your classroom and are in need of a pick-me-up, turn on some upbeat or classical music. Not only will it help to boost your mood, it will help your students moods as well.   Ã‚   10. Express Gratitude A lot of us spend a lot of our time focusing on what we dont have, rather than focusing our time on what we do have. When we do this, it can make you feel sad and unhappy. Try expressing gratitude and focusing all of your attention on the positive things that you have in your life. Think about what is going right in your life, and all of things that you are grateful for. Each morning before your toes even hit the ground, say three things that you are grateful for. Here are a few examples of what you can do each morning to express gratitude. Today I am grateful for: My health and the health of my familyThat I have food, clothes and a roof over my headThat I have a wonderful job that helps me provide for my family You have the ability to control how you feel. If you wake up feeling unhappy then you have the ability to change that. Use these ten tips and practice them daily. With practice, you can form lifelong habits that can increase your overall happiness.

Gothic Metal Issue

Gothic Metal Issue zkan 1Melisa zkanAssist. Prof. Kevyne K. BaarResearch Tecniques 10826 May 2014American Gothic Metal Music vs. Finnish Gothic Metal Musicand Their Differences Culturally, Sociologically and PoliticallyLike all the students admiring music, especially Metal music, studying music, researchingmusic, I have my own tecniques about asking questions and searching some answers. Because ofthe fact that, I'm dedicating my research to all Metal music lovers. As it is seen in my thesis' title, Ibelieve that the differences between two specific countries have a huge influence on music genre's,too. You'll see in this thesis how much these influences affect countries and their musical way ofthinking and of Gothic Metal. Also, my interviews with some talented people will guide you.Let's begin with USA. USA is a federal government based country located in NorthAmerica. It's one of the Super Powers in the world and has such diverse ethnic roots because ofimmigration rates.However this diversity and crow dedness have caused some problems quite often.America devoted itself to building and developing a new land with the "Declarationof Independence". After years of England's exploitation, also with the influence of FrenchRevolution, USA took important steps in democracy. Despite the fact that USA was the one layingfoundation of democracy, its perspective about Black people was totally different. After years ofslavery, the Civil War ( 1861 - 1865) broke out and the "Abolishment of Slavery" was explained.After this era, "Reconstruction Era" began in order to solve the issues between the North and thezkan 2South.I have to admit that, one of my motives to talk about slavery so much is its influence onBlack people. They could only explain their sufferings through songs and dances. Experts havebeen thinking that...

Write a reaction paper about Martin Luther (he is from germany) Essay

Write a reaction paper about Martin Luther (he is from germany) - Essay Example Without the ability to read, or write, the poor were subject to the teachings of the Catholic Church. Without the knowledge of salvation by Faith alone, common people, and peasants were convinced that buying indulgences would get them to heaven. This emptied their purses, leaving no food on the table for the children, contaminated their minds and hindered their relationship with God. Luther struggled with understanding how a God, who loved everyone, would allow such ignorance. So he decided to translate the Bible so that people could not only read what the scriptures said, but interpret them through the power of the Holy Spirit. Luther impacted many people through the work he did. His work indeed was one of nobility and deserving of recognition. His contribution to the Christian and Catholic faith was so great that he unknowing coined new denominations which lead people to believe that it was through faith that heaven is attained, not through the purchase of indulgences. Many people struggled with the new following because they were used to a more routine approach to religion. His ability to translate the Bible didn’t only help the common people but also added to the intricacy of the standard German Language. His unorthodox way of living brought new perspective to the Christian faith. When he married his wife, a nun, in 1525, he opened up a venue for clerical marriage. A trend began with him and continues even to this day. Anyone who is able to stand up for what they believe in is someone who should be recognized. Many people unfortunately fear the government, and the system and therefore, little is done when inequality, hatred, bigotry and ignorance is at the forefront. When Luther nailed his 95 theses to the church door on Halloween night in 1617, he knew that his life would never be the same again. The theses was a list of

Prenuptial agreement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Prenuptial agreement - Essay Example The American belief that marriage is a contract, and they encourage divorce while in Philippine we do not encourage divorce (Saks, 2005). I would like to be or get married to a man who we share the same beliefs and moral values. I am not interested in entering to this agreement of marrying Jeremy. I am afraid to get married to Jeremy because he has been used to divorce, and he can still divorce me after we spent years. Jeremy has been financials and socially traumatised, and he can use me in order to recover the damages he encountered with the first wife. The cause of divorce has not been explained to me, and Jeremy could be the cause because even know he does not believe in staying with a woman forever. I am real afraid of marrying Jeremy and leave my people forever because he can prevent me from visiting my people at Philippines (Gottman, 2011). In this case I have the right to know the experience Jeremy had with his wife. Marriage is also a person choice, and no body should be forced in a marriage, so I have the right to marry or not to marry Jeremy (Saks, 2005). My concern in this case is about the children. Jeremy has a child, and I wonder whether he will treat my children and the other child the same. I am also concerned whether marriage with Jeremy will follow ethics, moral and values and no paper that will separate monetary and emotion (Gottman, 2011). The advantages of my decision in the case is that If I do not marry Jeremy, I will still find another man who has not been married and we share the same values. The disadvantage in this decision is that we have been dating with Jeremy for 3 years and falling to marry him will be a waste of time (Gottman,

Decision Making Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Decision Making Case Study - Essay Example This has led to the training of all officers with regards to the new policy. In addition, the department has also introduced another policy that prohibits officers from firing warning shots unless the situation warrants. The case explains a scenario in which, an officer Raymond Ripley on his usual daily patrols, spots a packed car, which he believes is not supposed to be packed in that area because it looked like a private car, and had its brake lights on and flashing its lights on and off. Officer Ripley tries to approach and stop the car, but when he fails, fires warning shots and decides to pursue the vehicle while calling for back up. It worth noting that, Officer Ripley was 6 months fresh from college and engages in foot and vehicle pursuit, uses his own German shepherd dog and a Taser stun devices; all of which, he has never been trained in, nor has he been authorized to use. Neither his supervisor nor the Sherriff is aware of his actions. The central issues in this case are, ( 1) Pineville County Sherriff Department and individuals involved in a car chase that resulted in the death of a juvenile has a pending case in court, (2) Pineville County Sherriff Department has been criticized by the public (3) Pineville County Sherriff Department has changed its policies regarding car pursuits and firing of warning shots, (4) the unknown use of shepherd dog and a Taser stun device without the departments training and knowledge of neither his supervisor nor the Sherriff, and (5) Involved of officer Ripley in unsanctioned or authorized car pursuits. Deputy officer Ripley is not in compliance with the use-of-force policy. This is because, according to the policy, supervisors are required to cancel any pursuits that do not involve any violent felony or situations that are worth the potential liability and danger (Peak, 2010). The situation in which Deputy Officer Ripley is faced with, does not seem to be a violent felony or crime, as such, it is not worth the potentia l liability or danger, thus, not worth a pursuit. The lieutenant should end Deputy Officer Ripley’s pursuit because in all senses, it is in violation with the new enacted pursuit police that requires supervisors to cancel any pursuits that do not involve any violent felony or situations that are worth the potential liability and danger. The situation Ripley is facing is neither a violent crime nor a felony, and definitely not worth the potential risks or dangers involved. In addition, Deputy Officer Ripley is just 6 months old in the job and is considered a rooky, as such; his inexperience can render the pursuit dangerous and risky. Under the circumstances described in the case, Deputy Ripley should have not fired the warning shots. This is because there were no reasons for firing the shots; the situation did not warrant. Firing the warning shots then meant that the Deputy was breaking the law. This is to say; the people in the car that he was firing warning shots at had not shown in sign of violence or intent to cause harm. Normally, Ripley’s actions in relation to the warning shot, Taser and the dog are covered by polices such as the one that prohibits firing warning shots unless necessary and the policy for use of force (excessive). The Internal Affairs at Pineville County Sherriff Department would find out that, Ripley was at fault with the policy regarding firing of warning

Critical Thinking and Ethics Essay Example for Free

Critical Thinking and Ethics Essay According to Google (2015), the definition of critical thinking is, The objective analysis and evaluation of an issue in order to form a judgment. Basically, it means making an impartial, factual decision based on data and information received. Kirby, Goodpaster and Levine (1999), described creative thinking, organization, logical thinking, scientific thinking, persuasive thinking, and problem solving as all being part of critical thinking. Ellis and Toft (2015) states, Psychologist Benjamin Bloom described six kinds of thinking: Level 1: Remembering Level 2: Understanding Level 3: Applying Level 4: Analyzing Level 5: Evaluating Level 6: Creating By using all 6 components to critical thinking, we can find facts to substantiate our beliefs and decisions. They are all interconnected and will improve with practice.   After having taken the ELI Ethical Lens Inventory, the findings showed me that my preferred ethical lens is Reputation. This indicates that I oftentimes, listen to my intuition (sensibility) to determine what character traits and virtues best serve the community (equality). Per the ELI, my blind spot is unrealistic role expectations. It stated that because I rely so strongly on the virtues associated with various roles, I run the risk of developing unrealistic role expectations, forgetting that people are fallible regardless of their role. I disagree with this finding. People are human and by nature fallible beings. There are none perfect. My personal ethics are based on my Spiritual beliefs. I believe in God as the Creator of all. He is my higher authority and as such, the edicts and principles in the Bible, (scriptures inspired by God), are that which my personal ethics are based off of. I make decisions based on the Word of God. It helps by giving a clear depiction of right and wrong. Even knowing this however, does not mean that one is infallible. In the professional  environment, individuals are given an  organizations Code of Conduct whenever they become a part of it. This Code tells in detail, what exactly is required of a new member or employee. By accepting membership or employment with an   organization, you must agree to comply with the Code of Conduct or risk disciplinary action and or termination from the organization. Many friends have a Code that they live by. These are usually unwritten rules that are established as relationships form a closer bond. Breaking the Code might negatively affect the friendship or end it permanently, due to trust being broken. In conclusion, critical thinking is very complex, but we all seem to have the ability to use it on different levels. Continued utilization of the process of critical thinking will enable one with the ability to make sound decisions based on facts.

America :: essays papers

America What is the AMERICAN DREAM? I concluded the matter of dreaming about life’s basics wants that are exclusive to North America. The American Dream is the following: Go to college, get a good job, and finally get your own family. If we think about it, the American Dream is indeed a UNIVERSAL DREAM. The concept of the American Dream is created by this value system. The American Dream is intended to be a way of life attainable to all Americans. Whatever maybe the case, the act of trying to escape reality and the result such an act brings, is evident throughout the three novels Jews without money, by Michael Gold, Street Corner Society by William Whyte, and Passing, by Nella Larsen. All three of these books confront the myth of the American Dream. The American Dream can either be a reality or a nightmare depending upon the cultural prejudices and availability of freedom. Individuals who are united through some common bond, which may be religion social status of color, create a group or class of people. While individuals are subject to racial prejudices, which often makes up upward mobility not possible. Without equal opportunities to move upwards within society, the American Dream is not attainable. But it is possible in cases where people are willing to sacrifice their heritage culture etc. Nella Larsen, show us through this novel, that if people want, they can achieve the American Dream, but they would have to ‘pay a price for it.’ This is especially true of Clare Kendry. Her passing is motivated by her desire to improve the conditions of her socioeconomic life. She is successful in achieving her American Dream, but in the end she does face the consequences of her actions. She manages to rise from being a poor girl to settling down in a well household. Using her white skin color and blond hair as commodities, she escapes the reality of her true character. She gained wealth and respect in the community through marrying an affluent successful white man. But the truth is that she paid the price of ‘passing’ because she couldn’t express who she was and her true identity in the fear of being ‘caught’ and then left aside abandoned from the ‘whites’ and the ‘black’ communities. In her case, her decision to ‘pass’ was self-initiated. Clare was afraid to face everyone, especially her husband, with her blackness.

Technology and Modern Age

Sunday for me is the gloomiest part of the week. I always feel I am missing about an hour of sleep and still, somewhere in my sub consciousness. I have to face the dilemma of what to do for the coming hours as well. Being at the transitional state of dream and reality, it would help me to be more creative if the selection of activities is less limited. The option includes the way the Modern Age generate happiness and the Purposeful Leisure. One of the most popular is the way done by the Modern Age since it gives us a wide selection and various inventions to choose from.For people with a gaming instinct, the choice is plentiful. For instance Computer Games develop by every generation have conquer the minds of teenagers. An example is a Warcraft Game made by Icefrog, consisting of different characters possessing skills and can be strengthen by the use of magical things. Computers now are very innovative that its content is advance and unique. It can finish a pile of works in an hour wi thout numerous errors, unlike the past years which requires a lot of effort to have your projects and assignments be done.For a person who’s up for fighting, Arcade Games were made to make them feel as they were the warrior fighting for a prize. Arcade Games are commonly made as survival test; it may be a survival from Zombies, Militaries, Dinosaurs and many more. For lame people who still find time to play, PSP is very suitable, since it is not as big as Computers and Arcade machines. PSP can be downloaded with different games and can be played wherever you are. Another option that might satisfy one’s boredom is PURPOSEFUL LEISURE perhaps not as popular as MODERN AGE way but just as fun to do; this activity does not fall in the â€Å"killing time† category.It does however, command the respect of other activity, it is healthy and known to lower the calories level. Going out to make window shopping is much interesting than spending your money on repeat gaming. Ha ving a youth camp on mountains or just simply playing Local games gives us the simplest and cheapest way of having fun. As I think of the two options, I guess Sunday’s of mine must be spending wisely. I may not like the Purposeful Leisure since it doesn’t have much excitement, but I know that it will make me healthy.I may love the Modern Age since it gives me new challenges but I will still prevent myself from getting addicted to it since it weakens the body’s immune system. On the year 1994, Modern Age has begun, Innovations and various inventions started to create names in public. Science and Technology has made a long way on the society. Even adults are engaged to the technological advancement. Changes are so fast and all of us need to adapt quickly. Using Technologies is very efficient. We don’t have to spend a lot of money and we don’t need to give a lot of power to finish a work.On the other hand, it is not difficult for some of us to be amus ed, even you are at home or on the middle of a vacation trip, you can still find time to relax by just moving your hands and by the focus of your eyes and mind. Despite the numerous values of technology, many oppose scientific process on ethical grounds. The researchers in the field of newly inventions face scrutiny from many advocacy groups because technology is seen as violating one’s fundamental environment principles. The current debate lies on major questions about the relationship between Science and Technology and Purposeful Leisure.What could be its psychological and societal implications to an individual? Since we have the ability to make advancement, we had better think hard about the kind of life we want. Technology has tremendous power to do good if properly used. The issues are complex. The lesson of history is that whatever is possible will be tried somewhere by someone at some time but this is no excuse for sitting back. We need to decide based on principles th at the whole community can support and understand. We individuals have a vital role to play. I would like to give my reaction on the Sample Essay no. entitled Leisure and Modern Age. It stated that the Modern Age has offered humanity various inventions and technology advancement which have made our lives so progressive. Well, I agree with that, as I observe the society, people were allure by the new inventions and creations. Eyes are staring at computer monitors, ears are suited with headphones, and hands are busy pressing buttons and body is moving consistently. The next part is how these things failed to provide humanity with more quality leisure time. Since, we spend our time on improving our gaming skills than making ourselves healthy.We have loss our mind-set that we still need to take concentration on our wellness. Most illness were get due to lack of nutrients, this happened when we engaged our energy in unworthy things. And technology is one of that unworthy things that weak ens our immune system. I can say that it is okay to find Leisure on Technologies, but it is not good to get addicted and forget the real essence of why these inventions were made. Since some of the creations were made to help people become more efficient and not to make people become dependent.Because some people were very dependent to these creations, they occupy their time just to improve on games, failing them to recall about more important things. They forget about wellness which is much needed that having an accomplished work at technologies’influence. â€Å"Use technology, but don’t let Technology use you. † I remember this words said by an American psychology Professor on Youtube. We are now living in a modern age bringing us various ways to make our life much easier than before, less money to spend with and less energy to deal with.Tiring days is not an issue no more, finding time to rest is stress-free. But how good is it to have this kind of lifestyle, where communication is fast as airwaves, where task can be quickly performed in just a short span of time. Does it take the pressure when someone’s in a hurry? What are the effects of Modern Age especially on how we find time to relax? There are several effects of technology in human health, environment, animals, plants and earth. Technology can affect our health in many ways with both short term and long term effects.The extent to which an individual is harmed by technology usually depends on the total exposure to the damaging contents. Short term includes irritation of eyes and sudden stroke of muscles. Long term health effects can include chronic respiratory disease and even damage to brain nerves. Another effect is that both plants and animals are harmed by pollution cause by some creations. All the effects mentioned above pose a warning of danger for all living things. Humans, as the most intelligent species on earth, are encouraged to be more aware on what they’ re doing not just by themselves but also to other creatures.

The Illusion of Freedom in Miss Julie

The Illusion of Freedom in Miss Julie August Strindberg’s Miss Julie is a naturalistic play which deals with the themes of love, lust, and power struggles between social classes and genders. Being a naturalistic play, Miss Julie deals with the upbringing of and the environment surrounding the two main characters, Julie and Jean, and how these factors affect their motivations.As with the convention in naturalism, the two main characters would have no real control over their fates and instead be subjugated to hereditary and environmental forces. Julie, being of aristocratic descent, seemed to have complete freedom. She had access to the best of luxuries and yet could heavily interact with the servants, such as participating in their Midsummer Eve celebration and dancing with Jean, without severe consequences other than some gossip among the servants.However, Julie’s gender and upbringing seems to be a great disadvantage and hinders her freedom. Raised by her mother to act like a man and yet despise men and subsequently herself, Julie became what Strindberg refers to as a â€Å"man-hating half-woman† (page 60), though this upbringing allowed Julie to ignore the social norms of her time and assert her dominance upon male characters (her fiance and Jean), it is also responsible for her eventual suicide which was implied in the end of the play.The illusion of Julie’s supposed freedom is revealed throughout the play, with Jean holding power over her during a significant portion of the play and her father, the Count, being an absent, but nevertheless imposing presence throughout the play, especially in the end. Jean is diametrically opposite to Julie in his heredity, being of common descent and a male, although Jean is well travelled and possesses a degree of sophistication in his speech and manners.He has access to little resources other than his own ambitions and determination. Jean dreams vaguely of someday opening a hotel and using the p rofits and prestige gained from such an enterprise to purchase a title and make himself a Count like Julie’s father. Despite the numerous power reversals that occurred after his seduction of Julie, he remains subjugated to authority throughout the play, both to that of Julie and especially her father.Any reminder of the Count such as his boots, Jean’s inferior clothing, and especially the ringing bell reduced Jean from a normally eloquent or sadistic speaker to a pathetic servant. There were multiple factors, other than the supposed love that was professed by both characters towards one other, which caused Julie and Jean to engage in such a tryst. The Midsummer Eve celebration and its intoxicating drinks and passion-inducing dancing lowered the inhibitions of both characters.The celebration increased Julie’s lust and her emotional vulnerability from her recently broken engagement with her fiance made Julie vulnerable to Jean’s seduction; his tale of falli ng in love with her upon laying his eyes on her and subsequently wanting to kill himself because of the obviously lack of romantic relationship that would form between them was especially effective; Julie’s vulnerability to Jean’s seduction could also be attributed to her female sensibilities.Likewise, the celebration likely emboldened Jean to proceed with his seduction, with Jean’s ultimate goal being using Julie’s wealth to finance his dreams of opening a hotel and becoming a Count. Before Julie’s seduction by Jean, she possessed the power or the appearance of power in the relationship. Jean addressed her respectfully, as befitting a servant talking to his mistress. Julie could toy with Jean and command him to do almost anything, such as forcing him to dance with her or kissing her shoes, as she was of a higher class and had authority over Jean, who was a lowly servant.However, after Jean’s successful seduction of Julie, the class lines th at existed between them were broken down and they were became social equals, thus their relationship shifted focus to power struggles with respect to gender. While Julie still insults Jean regarding his lower social standing, Jean responds with derogatory remarks such as calling her a whore (page 90) for throwing herself at one with such a lower social standing, which was unthinkable for women in her position at the time.Despite the antagonistic and sadomasochistic relationship that arose between them after the seduction, Julie and Jean still could use each other to benefit themselves. Julie was tired of the social standards that were imposed upon her, thus she desired to fall to Jean’s social level. Whereas Jean, with his grand ambitions of becoming a Count, sought to rise in the social ladder through Julie’s wealth. Julie and Jean were able to temporarily rebel, against the social norms that constrained them, through having an affair despite the immense difference in their social standings.They planned to further this rebellion through running away together and starting their own hotel. However, this radical plan was stopped by Christine, who prevented the lovers access to horses and their escape, who embodied the social disapproval at the inappropriateness of a tryst between two of such different class and their plan to escape the consequences. Julie and Jean still could have escaped by foot but for the ringing of the bell that signaled the return of the Count.The Count, whose presence pervaded throughout the story, whose very mention reduced Jean to sniveling servility, and shamed and angered Julie greatly, ultimately held power over both the lovers. Despite never being physically present in the play, the Count still commanded great fear and respect in both Julie and Jean. He symbolized the omnipresence of social authority and the power it commanded over its subjects. The most convincing example of this is in the end of the play, Julie wished to commit suicide to escape her shame and indignity but lacked the willpower to do so.She implored Jean to command to do so, but he suffered the same problem and lacked the willpower too. Only through hypnotizing himself, by acting as the Count giving him a command, was Jean able to command Julie to commit suicide. Only through both Julie and Jean submitting to the social authority, represented by the Count, was Julie able to achieve the end that she desired. In the end, though Julie and Jean were able to temporarily fight against the environmental forces through their affair and hatching a fantastic escape plan for a new life, neither of the lovers were able to escape their respective upbringings and social classes.One could argue that Julie was able to rebel against the social authority through suicide which released its power over her; one must also consider that an aristocrat such as her would be ingrained to avoid bringing such great shame upon her family through her upbringin g and surrounding environments , thus the social authority is responsible for her suicide, which is almost unsurprising or even expected.Likewise, Jean was not able to escape the social authority either, he was not able to commit suicide because of his lack of aristocratic pride is replaced with a greater sense of self preservation, thus Jean will suffer the full wrath of the Count and the social authority for causing Julie’s death and attempting to disrupt the social equilibrium.Ultimately, Jean and Julie have been and always will be subject to the social authority for the entirety of their lives, any control or freedom is merely a temporary illusion which will be broken quickly and dramatically. Work Cited 1. Strindberg, August. Miss Julie and Other Plays. Oxford University Press, 1988. Print.

The Slope of a Horizontal Line is Zero

The Slope of a Horizontal Line is Zero In The Slope of a Line, you learned that the slope, or m, of a line describes how rapidly or slowly change is occurring. Linear Functions have 4 types of slopes: positive, negative slope, zero slope, and undefined slope. Real World Example of Negative Slope Refer to the graph, Horizontal Line, m 0.   The x-axis represents time, in hours, and the y-axis represents distance, in miles, from Downtown Houston, Texas. Hurricane Prince, a Category 5 storm, threatens to flood (among other things) the Bayou City in 24 hours. You have the bright idea- along with 2 million other Houstonians- to leave Houston now. You’re on Interstate 45 North, the road that snakes northward to flee anything blowing in from the Gulf of Mexico. Notice how time is moving. One hour passes, two hours pass, but you’re still one mile away from downtown. Remember, slope is a rate of change. For every two hours that pass, you move zero miles. Because of this, your slope is 0. Calculating Zero Slope Refer to the PDF, Calculate_Zero_Slope to learn how to  use a graph and  the slope formula to  calculate a zero slope.  To download free software to view the PDF, visit https://get.adobe.com/reader/.

Notes for Driving Essays

Notes for Driving Essays Notes for Driving Paper Notes for Driving Paper and where might the point of conflict be? Predicting the reactions of your vehicle is the easiest of this process. You should know what condition your car is in, how are the tires, how soon can I stop, etc. Decide – Once you have identified and predicted what may happen, you now need to decide what you need to do. Maintain, swerve, brake, speed up, or just communicate with my lights or horn. You may decide to change your speed. You can avoid conflicts by maintaining, slowing down, or speeding up. To make a change in direction you need to look at your zones. Try to leave yourself a way out or cushion so you are able to move into that area without conflict. You may also avoid conflict by changing you position in your lane. You may need to be centered, slightly left or slightly right in your lane. If you decide that all you need to do is communicate with the other driver you may do this by your lights, horn, car position or eye contact. You want to try to minimize your number of hazards by separating the hazards. Sometimes you are going to have to pick the hazard that will possibly do the least amount of damage. This is compromising space. Give way to the big truck swerving into your lane. Execute- Once you make your decision you need to execute it. Remember, DON†T second guess yourself. The three areas that you have execution control over are speed control, steering, and communication. The hardest thing when driving is how so I handle multiple conflicts that occur? Being able to use the IPDE process effectively takes practice and time. You are not as good at using it today as you will be next week. You will learn how to use the IPDE process selectively. This means that you start one process and something else will come up that makes you begin the process all over again. Remember this: You used the IPDE Process getting to this class today and you will use it again going to every class you take today. Chapter 5 Natural Laws and Car Control In this chapter you will learn about gravity and energy of motion, friction and traction, stopping distance and controlling the force of impact. Gravity – Gravity is the force that pulls you to the earth. Going up and down hills in a car you can feel the pull of gravity. You need to be able to adjust your driving to accommodate for this pull. The point at which your car’s weight is evenly distributed is called the center of gravity. The lower the center of gravity, the better the handling of the car. Energy of Motion – Energy of motion is called kinetic energy. What you must understand about this energy is the way it will affect your driving. The faster your vehicle is moving, the more energy you have, the heavier it weighs, the more energy of motion it has. Two important facts to know† 1- Your energy of motion doubles when the weight doubles 2- Your energy of motion increases by the square when your speed increases by a certain amount. ( speed doubles – energy quadruples) If your energy of motion increases your stopping distance will also go up that amount. Friction and Traction Friction is the force that keeps your tires from sliding on the road. Traction makes it possible for your vehicle to grip the road for you to change speed and direction. The grooved surface of the tire is called the tread. This tread cuts through the water on the road allowing your tire to grip the road. As the amount of tread decreases, the amount of traction also decreases. If the tire tread gets worn almost completely off (bald tire) the possibility of a blowout becomes great. A blowout is when the tire loses all pressure at once. The way your tire is inflated also determines how much of the tire tread is touching the road. An under inflated tire causes the tread to gap in the middle. An over inflated tire causes the tire tread to only touch in the middle (like a balloon) Things that could reduce the traction you have are: 1- bad tires 2- bad shocks 3- faulty steering system 4- road surfaces Checking for traction while you are driving can be done but must be done carefully. check rear zone – brake gently for response – if you don’t slow down reduce speed Driving on curves can be very tricky. The energy of motion tries to keep your car in a straight line but the traction from the tires pulls you around the curve. Driving around curves: Speed – reduce your speed to avoid skids 2- Sharpness – the sharper the curve the more traction you will need to go around it. 3- Banked – most curves are banked, this helps prevent your car from wanting to stay in a straight line. 4- Load – The heaver the load or weight of your vehicle the more friction it is going to take to get through the curve. Stopping Distance Total Stopping D istance – the distance your car travels while you are making a stop. Total stopping distance is made up of three parts: 1- perception distance 2- reaction distance 3- braking distance Look at the chart on page 98. To estimate the distance you need to stop you can use the four second rule. pick a spot in the road, a sign or driveway When the car in front of you reaches that point begin counting, one-thousand one, one-thousand two†¦ If your car gets to that same point after you reach one-thousand four you have enough space to stop if you need to. Factors that affect you’re stopping distance: Speed – the higher the speed the longer the distance Car condition – worn out tires, etc need more distance Surface – rain, snow, ice, dirt, leaves gravel increase the distance Driver ability – if distracted or impaired you increase the distance ABS – helps when stopping while turning Hills – up or down hills shortens or lengthens the distance Loads – the weight of your vehicle, heavier takes longer. Force of Impact The force at which a moving object hits another object is force of impact. Force of impact is determined by: 1- Speed 2- Wei ght 3- Distance between impact and stopping Safety Belts When you are in a collision, three collisions actually take place. First the car hits an object and stops. Second, you hit the inside of the car or a restraining device (seat belt) Third, your body organs slam against your skeleton or each other. There are two types of restraining devices: 1- restraining devices – seat belts 2- passive restraining devices – air bags (automatic) Air Bags Air bags deploy automatically. They are there to protect your life. When an air bag deploys it comes out at a speed over 200 mph. Air bags are designed to work with the seat belts. Just relying on the air bag will not save your life. To avoid the air bag injuring your arms or shoulders you need to keep your hands about 9 and 3 or a little below. You don’t want to sit too close to the air bag, @ 10 away is good. Tilt your steering wheel to deploy the bag at your chest and not your face. Of course, child seats need to be in the rear seat or facing away from the air bags. Some air bags now have a feature that senses the weight of the person in the seat and will deploy in two stages. Some vehicles have switches for you to turn the passenger air bag off. Other protective devices in vehicles today: n Automatic seat belts n Front and rear crush areas n Energy absorbing bumpers n Side door beams n Reinforced windshields Energy absorbing steering wheel and column n Padded dash n Child seats built in n Head restraints Chapter 6 Performing Basic Vehicle Maneuvers STEERING Straight forward: hands should be at a comfortable spot, look ahead and avoid looking at your feet and hands. You need to pay attention to what is approaching you. Try to avoid over or under-steering: over-steering is when you make too sharp of a turn and you w eave from side to side; under-steering is when you don’t turn the wheel enough to keep it on its intended path. When you are trying to back a straight line (driving test skill) you need to: keep the brake pressed and put the car in reverse 2- turn your body to the right, put your right arm over the back of the passenger seat and look out of the back window. 3- Place your left hand at 12 o’clock on the steering wheel 4- Release your pressure on the brake enough to get moving 5- Adjust your position by turning the wheel in the direction that you wish to go 6- Keep you foot over the brake (covering) and take quick glances to the front and sides checking for traffic. When you wish to stop keep looking out of the back window until you have come to a complete stop. SIGNALING Make it a habit to signal your intent every time you plan to turn or stop. You must use your turn signals when you are making a left or right turn, changing lanes, pulling over to the side of the road. Make sure that you know the hand signals for when you are driving. Left arm out and angled up = right turn Left arm out and pointing straight out = left turn Left arm out and angled down = braking You need to remember to signal early but not too early. CHANGING LANES You must be able to make the lane change smoothly and safely each and every time. Try to get the steering down. You don’t want to over or understeer. Steps for a lane change: Check traffic in front and to the side in which you are going to move into 2- Signal your intent and check your blind spot 3- Increase your speed slightly as you steer into the next lane; if it is clear to do so 4- Cancel your signal, if it did not do so automatically, and adjust your speed and steering. MAKING TURNS AND TURNABOUTS Two method s for steering your car: 1- Hand over hand 2- Push – pull Left and Right Hand Turns You should make a turn only after you have checked traffic. 1- Look for pedestrians and oncoming vehicles; check your rear zone for cars getting ready to pass you. Plan well in advance. Put yourself in the correct lane well before the turn. 3- Obey all traffic signals and controls plus roadway markings. When turning left you MUST yield to oncoming traffic. Procedures for turning: (page 114) 1- Get in the proper lane 2- Brake early and get to the proper speed 3- Do a visual search 4- Before the crosswalk you should be at about 10 mph 5- Turning right you need to check left then right and begin your turn when your front bumper reaches the curve of the curb line. 6- For a left turn check left then right and then left again. Begin your turn when your front bumper gets to the center of the intersection. 7- As you begin your turn check your blind spot and turn into the first lane you come to. When you are backing to your left you want to look more over your left shoulder to where you are trying to back. If backing right you want to look over your right shoulder. You will use hand over hand steering and do the visual search before you begin the maneuver. Turnabouts Precautions when you are planning to do a turnabout: Be sure that local laws permit it Need at least 500 feet of visibility Don’t do on hills or curves or within 200 feet of an intersection Should not be done where high-speed traffic or any traffic would be Check all zones while doing the turnabout U-Turn Select your spot and signal right to move over and stop. When the way is clear, turn on your left signal and move into the lane Check your front and left rear zones and your blind spot. Turn the wheel hard left and move through the turn u ntil you have completely turned around. Driveway turnabouts Backing into on the right Pull in on the left Pull in on the right Which of these is the safest? Three point turnabout (driving test skill) Check your zones, signal right and pull to the curb (or side of road) and stop Signal left, turn the wheel hard left and pull across the road as far as you can Signal right, put the car in reverse, turn the wheel hard right and back as far as you need to back Signal left, put the car in Drive, turn the wheel hard right and pull forward finishing the turnabout. Parking When you are trying to park you need to have speed control, steering control and accurate judgment. Before parking you need to find a space big enough for your car to get into. Avoid end spaces or beside large trucks or poorly parked vehicles. You need to learn some reference points for parking. You will be exposed to standard reference points, these are for a typical vehicle and driver, and you will learn your personal reference points, ones that you like to use. Angle parking: This parking is done diagonally to the curb. Mostly in shopping center parking lots. 1- Check for peds. Position your car about 6 feet from the parked cars. Signal right and begin braking. 2- Check your right blind spot and continue braking. 3- Move forward until you can see the middle of the space without obstructions. Turn your wheels hard right and ease into the space. Straighten your wheels when you are in the center of the space and pull forward as far into the space as you can. Perpendicular parking: This parking is when your car is at a right angle to the curb. 1- Set up about 8 feet from the line of parked cars or as far over as you can. Signal right, check your blind spot, and begin braking. 2- Check traffic to the rear and continue braki ng. 3- Turn hard right when your front bumper passes the back bumper of the car to the left of the parking space. Slowly enter the space and check your rear right to make sure that you have missed the car. Straighten the wheels when you are centered in the space and pull forward. Leaving both of these spaces (angle and perpendicular) 1- Ease straight back with your foot covering the brake. 2- When your front bumper is even with the rear bumper of the car to your left turn hard right. 3- Back into the nearest lane and straighten your wheels. Put the car in drive and pull away. Parallel parking (driving test skill) This is parking your car parallel to the curb. Select your space that is 5 – 6 feet longer than your car. 1- While approaching the space, signal right and brake. Stop with your car 2-3 feet away from the car on the right and your back bumper even with the back bumper of the car to the right. Put the car into reverse and check traffic. Turn the wheel hard right and ease into the space. 2- When the back of your seat is even with the back bumper of the car to the right straighten the wheels. Ease straight back into the space. 3- When your front bumper is even with the rear bumper of the car to your right turn the wheels hard left. Ease back looking out of your rear window. 4- When your car is parallel to the curb straighten the wheels and stop. Pull forward and center your car in the space. Put the car in park. My cues when we do this in the car: Wheels – hard right, straight, hard left Reference points – back bumpers even, rear of seat even with bumper, front bumper even with the rear bumper, don’t hit the barrier. Parking on hills: Up hill with a curb – turn the wheels left, ease back to touch the curb, engage parking brake, put car in park, turn the car off. Up hill without a curb, Downhill with or without a curb – turn the wheels to the right, ease until you touch the curb (if there is a curb), engage the parking brake, turn the car off. Chapter 7 Negotiating Intersections Searching the Intersection When you are approaching any intersection there are things that you need to look for. The main cause of collisions in intersections is the drivers failure to identity a safe path of travel. Clue you need to look for: Signs and lights Roadway markings Crossing traffic Park car on the cross street Turning traffic Rows of fences and mailboxes Traffic stopping Power lines Most intersections are + or X, but some are Y or T When you are approaching an intersection you need to check your front zones to make sure that your path of travel in open. Look for anything that may cause your path to close and cause you to change your plans. The closer you get to the intersection the more you need to search your side zones for obstructions. Scan and focus on what may cause you a problem, dont just keep your eyes in constant motion. Once you approach your point of no return you need to continue through the intersection but still scan your zones. Your point of no return is the point at which you can no longer make a safe stop outside of the intersection. Sometimes when you get close to the intersection your path of travel closes causing you to need to change lanes. Do this at an intersection only if there is no other option. You are not allowed to legally change lanes within the intersection. If your decision at the intersection is to stop, for what ever reason, you now need to do the full 180 degree scan before you inter the intersection. Controlled Intersections A controlled intersection is one that has signs or lights that determine the right of way. With signs The two signs that control an intersection are Stop and Yield. At a stop sign you MUST come to a complete stop and at a yield sign you need to slow down and give the right of way to any vehicle in the intersection. At stop signs you need to begin your search of the intersection well back of the stop sign. As you approach you need to scan front, as well as 45 degrees to the right and left for anything that may interfere with your path of travel. Crossing Traffic with a blocked view Search your front and rear zones, look for pedestrians and prepare to make your legal stop at the sign, ease up to the intersection and stop again, scan for obstructions and inter the intersection only when it is clear for you to go through the intersection without conflict. (7 sec gap) Joining traffic right turns Go through the same checks as above. When you get stopped at the sign and cant see, ease up until you can without going into the intersection and stop again. Look for a gap of at least 7 seconds. When you have a clear path make your turn and accelerate keeping the car about 4 feet from the side of the road. Joining traffic left turns Do your scans as with the other approaches. Stop at the sign and pull fo rward and stop again before entering the intersection. When the way is clear (7 sec gap) move forward and recheck your zones. Accelerate into the proper lane and adjust your steering. Light Controlled Intersections When you are approaching an intersection controlled by lights you need to use your IPDE process to determine what the intersection will be like when you reach it. How may the lights change your path of travel? Stale Green Light this Is a light that has been green for a while, expect It to change Fresh Green Light this is a light that has Just turned green, you may still not have a safe path of travel. Check your intended path for obstacles. Yellow Light this is a light that is telling you that the intersection is closing to your traffic lane. If you have reached the point of no return you have to determine whether to proceed through or try to stop, hat can influence this decision? Red Light at this light you MUST stop. You need to check your rear zones as you apply the brakes. An unprotected left turn is a left turn done at an intersection that does not have a left turn green arrow. You MUST be sure that you can complete the turn before beginning it Protected Left Turns At these turns you will have three things apparent 1- Left turn light, this is an entire light sequence (R,Y,G) to guide you at your left turn. Green arrow appears with the normal light system, when the arrow goes off you simply do not have a protected left turn. 3- Delayed green light at these lights you light is green and the opposing traffic light is still red. Turning on Red Light Right on red means that you are allowed to make a right hand turn at a red light AFTER you have made a complete stop and have scanned the intersection. When it is safe to proceed you can make the turn. Left on red is allowed in most states when you are turning left from a one-way street onto a on-way street going to your left. Some states allow this if you are in a left turn only lane (two way traffic) and are turning onto a one way street. A controlled railroad crossing has lights and/or a stop arm. You must come to a complete stop and stay until the lights have stopped flashing and the arm has come up. DO NOT EVER go around the stop arm to cross. Uncontrolled Intersections An uncontrolled intersection is one in which there are no traffic controls. As you approach one of these intersections you MUST expect traffic problems. NEVER assume that the other driver will give you the right of way. You must really use your IPDE process as you approach these intersections. It is best to treat these intersections as yield signs. There are also uncontrolled railroad crossings. Simply slow down, scanning the tracks for trains and do not cross if you see or hear one coming. Determining Right of Way Right of way describes the privilege of having immediate use of a certain part of the roadway. Right of way is GIVEN not taken. You may have to YIELD and allows others to go first in order to be safe. Judging Gaps A gap is the distance between two vehicles. When you are at an intersection you have to make sure that you can successfully get through the intersection. Chapter8 Sharing The Roadway With Motorcycles: About 2000 people a year are killed on motorcycles. The primary reason is there are so many body parts not protected when riding a motorcycle. You MUST use the IPDE process when motorcycles are around. They can hide in spots, they spend longer times in your blind spots and many cyclist take more chances that car drivers do. - -i - ;; ; Problem areas in which you need to really look for motorcyclist: a vehicle turning left in front of a motorcycle a vehicle turning right at an intersection or into a driveway a motorcycle turning left inblindspots a tailgating motorcyclist one passing you on the right or left meeting an oncoming motorcycle When you are going to pass a motorcycle you need to stay well back to avoid shocking the cyclist, use the entire lane to make the pass and wait until you can see them in your rearview mirror to move back over. It is just like passing a vehicle. With Bicycles, Mopeds and Motor Scooters: Bicyclist need to remember that when they are on the road they have the responsibility to follow ALL of the traffic laws just as the other vehicles do. They need to wear a helmet, know the rules for riding on roads as well as idewalks, and wear light colored clothing (especially at night), keep from wearing headphones, and keep their bike in good condition. When you encounter a bike you need to increase your scanning to avoid serious conflict. If you pass a bike you need to follow the same rules as passing a car. Remember that some bicyclist do not have great control over their bike and may swerve or fall into your path. Mopeds and scooters create the same types of problems as bikes do. They are low powered and very small. They are hard to see and the people riding them may not be able to handle them properly. People on mopeds and scooters do not have to have a drivers license but they do have to follow the rules of the road, just as bicyclist and drivers do. Pedestrians Pedestrians are the most vulnerable users of the HTS. It is the drivers responsibility to protect the pedestrians. Children and old people are at most risk. Children do not know about consequences and old people may not hear or see well. When you drive in an area with pedestrians you need to heighten you IPDE usage. Look for pedestrians in areas where you expect to see them. Playgrounds, sidewalks, residential areas, parks, and parking lots. Sharing the roadway with emergency vehicles is a common thing in populated areas. You should yield the right of way to the emergency vehicles when they are traveling with their light and/or sirens on. Simply move to the right side of the road if you can and or to the lane as far to the right as possible. If you have to you can stop but make sure that you are as little a hazard as possible. With Trucks: The type of truck you need to really worry about when driving are the big semis (18 wheelers, tractor trailer, transfer). The main reason is that they are sooo big and can do a whole lot of damage to your car in a very little amount of time. These larger trucks make wide right turns. When you are near one and they put on their right turn signal you have to make sure that you are not to their right because the trailer of the truck will turn into your lane when they turn. You need to avoid following these trucks because they have big blind spots which make you hard to see. If you can not see their face in the mirror, they can not see your car. Use caution when passing a truck. Because their blind spots are larger you have to make sure that they see you during your pass as well as before your pass. When you meet a large truck on a two lane roadway you need to prepare for the after wave when they go by. The air that they push to the right and left will make your car jump of vibrate. Also on wet roads the trucks will throw up water that will cover your windshield. Simply grasp the steering wheel tightly and steer through the problem. Chapter 9 Driving in Urban Traffic Adjusting to Urban Traffic Two of the main factors that make urban driving difficult: 1- Traffic is more dense there are more cars, buses, trucks and pedestrians per mile than on rural roads City hazards are closer to you more things are closer to your car than in the country. Mile per mile, city roads have the highest number and variety of hazards. It takes time to do the IPDE process and in cities you dont have as much time to process the information as in the country. When you are on urban streets you have to pay attention and try to identify hazards as early as possible. Following Traffic on City Streets Spac e cushion refers to the space between your car and the car in front of you. If you have a good space cushion you have some advantages: 1- You can see further ahead and get the big picture You can be seen better 3- You have more time to do the IPDE process 4- You are in better position to avoid the car in front of you if they stop suddenly. The 3-second following distance. When you are 3 seconds behind you have enough cushion to avoid most collisions in most normal driving situations. 1- Pick out a spot on the road ahead 2- When the car in front gets to that spot begin counting; 1001,1002,1003 3- If your car has not gotten to the spot by 1003 you have enough cushion to avoid a collision. If you reach the spot before you get to 1003, you need to back off a little. The faster you are traveling the bigger your space cushion will be. Being Followed on City Streets A tailgater is a vehicle that is following you too closely. The main hazard of a tailgater is that if you have to do a sudden stop they will hit you in the rear. They think that they are saving time by going so fast and getting close to you. If you have a tailgater behind you, you need to increase your following distance so you will not have to react as quickly when a car in front of you makes a sudden stop or move. When you are meeting cars in the city you have to really look ahead for your front zone to close. Oncoming drivers may cross the center line and block your path. Reasons that people cross the center line are: 1- driver impairment 2- poor judgment 3- poor visibility 4- reduced space 5- sudden moves for others 6- vehicle failure 7- turning car, buses or trucks 8- double parked vehicles Managing Space on Urban Streets Look ahead try to see at least one block ahead but if you can see farther, look as far as you can but IDENTIFY possible problems. , When you are approaching a traffic light and you first see the light green you need to expect it to change. If you see a green light but the crosswalk light is flashing dont walk you need to anticipate that the light is getting ready to change. NEVER speed through an intersection trying to beat the light. Covering you brake means that you have taken your foot off of the accelerator pedal and have it in front of the brake pedal, but not pushing it down. You are anticipating that you are going to need to brake. This takes away your reaction distance/time if you need to brake suddenly. Riding your brake means that you have your foot on the brake pedal and you are pushing it down slightly. Most people that two foot drive end up riding their brakes. On city streets that have parked cars on your right you need to anticipate that a car door may open when you get to it. To help avoid hitting the door you need to drive about the width of a car door away from parked cars. Chapter 10 Driving in Rural Areas Characteristics of Rural Traffic 82% of all of the roadway miles in the US are considered rural roads. When you approach a curve on a rural road with an advisory speed limit, you should be at that posted speed before you enter the curve. Advisory speeds are posted to help keep cars from having a collision on a curve because they entered the curve at too great a speed to control the car. Speed kills on rural roads. Twice as many deaths occur on rural roads as opposed to urban roads. On rural roads in normal (ideal) conditions the 3 second rule for following is sufficient. If you are following another car using the 3 second rule and a car cuts in between you and the other car you need to reestablish your 3 second rule with the new car. The basic speed rule states that you should not drive faster than the road or traffic conditions allow you to. It is more difficult to maintain control of your car at higher speeds. When you are driving on rural roads you are going to encounter slow moving vehicles, animals in the road and oncoming traffic that is close to you. Roadside hazards that you will come across are narrow shoulders, bridges, ditches, guardrails, and trees. You are not going to have as many tailgaters here because of the type of driving you are doing plus there are not as many cars on the road. In rural areas your speed is going to be faster so your IPDE process is affected. At higher speeds you decrease your time to make a decision using the process. So the faster you are driving, the farther you need to look ahead so you can perform the IPDE process. When driving on these roads you may see mailboxes, reflectors on posts, or small utility lines. These are all clues that you are approaching a driveway. When you are driving in the mountains you are going to come to sections of the road that have sharper curves and steeper hills. When you are going down a steep hill you should NEVER shift your car into neutral. If you change gears you need to shift to a lower gear to avoid burning your brakes. Passing in rural areas is done generally on two lane/two way roads. If you are passing another car you must make sure that you can complete the pass safely and before the passing area ends. When you think that you need to pass another car you need to think before you pass. One main question that you need to ask is, is it safe to pass here? When driving at night on rural roads you are going to encounter car light that pop up from around curves or hills. To avoid being temporarily blinded you need to look to the right side of the road, white line. Chapter 11 Driving on Expressways An expressway is defined as a roadway that has limited-access or controlled-access. Driving on expressways is more dangerous because of the higher speeds and the number of cars. For this reason, collisions on expressways are generally more serious. Expressways have minimum speed limits posted. If you are going below this minimum speed then you are a hazard on the roadway. To drive effectively on expressways you must be willing to cooperate with other drivers. They also have multiple lanes which means that when you change lanes you need to do so one lane at a time. You are driving on an expressway and you need to exit; the ramp you need to get off on is totally Mocked by traffic, preventing you from getting over. Wiat should you do? Go to the next exit and come back up the expressway. If you get onto the wrong entrance ramp you should go ahead and get on the expressway and travel to the next exit, get off and turn around. It is NEVER permissible to back up an entrance ramp. The entrance lane has three parts; the ramp, the acceleration lane and the merging lane. When you are coming down the ramp you need to check for a gap to merge into by looking over your left shoulder as well as into your left mirror. If you are entering an expressway on the entrance ramp and your way is blocked so that you can not merge onto the road you should avoid stopping. Stopping on the ramp in the acceleration lane can cause a rear end collision. If you are driving in a group of car on an expressway you are driving in a wolf pack. You are driving in the center lane of the expressway and you keep getting passed on the right and left, you should move into the right lane to avoid being a hazard. Highway hypnosis happens when you get lulled into staring while driving. If you stare for long enough you will put yourself to sleep. If you are taking a long trip on expressway you need to plan ahead for food, fuel and rest This will make your trip more enjoyable and safe.